תכנות פונקציונלי in Bangla Hebrew-Bangla Dictionary
The inherent vowel is BanglaBet casino usually a back vowel, either ɔ as in মত mɔt “opinion” or o, as in মন mon “mind”, with variants like the more open ɒ. Bengali script has a distinctive horizontal line running along the tops of the graphemes that links them together called মাত্রা matra. The letters run from left to right and spaces are used to separate orthographic words. The Bengali alphabet is believed to have evolved from a modified Brahmic script around 1000 CE (or 10th–11th century). The Bengali alphabet is used throughout Bangladesh and eastern India (Assam, West Bengal, Tripura). Two of these, /oi̯/ and /ou̯/, are the only ones with representation in script, as ঐ and ঔ respectively.
Compound verbs are formed with verbs like uth (উঠ্), pad (পড়্), phel (ফেল্), thak (থাক্) and the like placed after completive or inchoative conjunctives, as in ka’re otha (ক’রে ওঠা), base pada (বসে পড়া), bale phela (বলে ফেলা), etc. Another set of verbs like dakadaki (ডাকাডাকি), ghoraghuri (ঘোরাঘুরি) is formed in compliance with the rules of correlative compounds. The word-final sound determines where the ending should be in -r or -er, and -te or -ete. In standard colloquial Bangla, the case ending for indirect objects is -ke (-কে), the genitive case-ending is -(e)r -(এ)র and the locative case ending is -(e)te -(এ)তে. In compound sentences, the connecting words have the least stress. The length of vowel sounds is sometimes prolonged, influenced by emotion or voice projection ki-i?
- The script has been adopted for writing the Sylheti language as well, replacing the use of the old Sylheti Nagori script.
- Furthermore, the inherent vowel is often not pronounced at the end of a syllable, as in কম kɔm “less”, but this omission is not generally reflected in the script, making it difficult for the new reader.
- Transliteration is orthographically accurate (i.e. the original spelling can be recovered), whereas transcription is phonetically accurate (the pronunciation can be reproduced).
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Western alveolo-palatal affricates চ tʃɔ, ছ tʃʰɔ~tʃɔ, জ dʒɔ correspond to eastern চ tsɔ~sɔ, ছ sɔ, জ dzɔ~zɔ. Regional varieties in spoken Bengali constitute a dialect continuum. In 2009, elected representatives in both Bangladesh and West Bengal called for Bengali to be made an official language of the United Nations.
Most nouns take the generic measure word -টা -ṭa, though other measure words indicate semantic classes (e.g. -জন -jôn for humans). When counted, nouns take one of a small set of measure words. In most of Bengali grammar books, cases are divided into 6 categories and an additional possessive case (the possessive form is not recognised as a type of case by Bengali grammarians). Additionally, optional particles (e.g. কি -ki, না -na, etc.) are often encliticised onto the first or last word of a yes–no question.
Abugidas / Syllabic alphabets
The script is characterized by many conjuncts, upstrokes, downstrokes, and other features that hang from a horizontal line. Bengali script followed a different line of development from that of Devanagari and Oriyan scripts, but the characters of Bengali and Assamese scripts generally coincided. A simple Bengali sentence usually follows subject–object–verb word order.
Romani grammar is also closer to Bengali grammar than to that of western Indo-Aryan languages. The script is known as the Bengali alphabet for Bengali and its dialects and the Assamese alphabet for Assamese language with some minor variations. The script used for Bengali, Assamese, and other languages is known as Bengali script. That is why most of the tatsam words are pronounced way different from what they are written or spelt.
More recent studies suggest that the use of foreign words has been increasing, mainly because of the preference of Bengali speakers for the colloquial style. Non-finite verbs have no inflection for tense or person, while finite verbs are fully inflected for person (first, second, third), tense (present, past, future), aspect (simple, perfect, progressive), and honour (intimate, familiar, and formal), but not for number. However, when the semantic class of the noun is understood from the measure word, the noun is often omitted and only the measure word is used, e.g. শুধু একজন থাকবে। Shudhu êk-jôn thakbe. Measuring nouns in Bengali without their corresponding measure words (e.g. আট বিড়াল aṭ biṛal instead of আটটা বিড়াল aṭ-ṭa biṛal “eight cats”) would typically be considered ungrammatical. There is also the classifier -khana, and its diminutive form -khani, which attaches only to nouns denoting something flat, long, square, or thin.
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Similarly, Hajong is considered a separate language, although it shares similarities to Northern Bengali dialects. In Pakistan, Bengali is a recognised secondary language in the city of Karachi mainly spoken by stranded Bengalis of Pakistan. Bengali adopted many words from Arabic and Persian, which was a manifestation of Islamic culture on the language. Subsequent Muslim rulers actively promoted the literary development of Bengali, allowing it to become the most spoken vernacular language in the Sultanate. Though some archaeologists claim that some 10th-century texts were in Bengali, it is not certain whether they represent a differentiated language or whether they represent a stage when Eastern Indo-Aryan languages were differentiating.
A consonant sound followed by some vowel sound other than the inherent ɔ is orthographically realised by using a variety of vowel allographs above, below, before, after, or around the consonant sign, thus forming the ubiquitous consonant-vowel typographic ligatures. Since the Bengali script is an abugida, its consonant graphemes usually do not represent phonetic segments, but carry an “inherent” vowel and thus are syllabic in nature. Native Bengali words do not allow initial consonant clusters; the maximum syllabic structure is CVC (i.e., one vowel flanked by a consonant on each side). Other dialects, with minor variations from Standard Colloquial, are used in other parts of West Bengal and western Bangladesh, such as the Midnapore dialect, characterised by some unique words and constructions. Kharia Thar and Mal Paharia are closely related to Western Bengali dialects, but are typically classified as separate languages.